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In a show I'm watching, one of the players has this discards:
From this the other players suppose that he's tenpai, and that his outs are .

Assuming he has tenpai could depend on him discarding , since that's a tātsu, so either he drew better tiles, he's aiming for tanyao, or he's tenpai; but I have no idea about getting from those discard to the outs. I was wondering if is there really a way to do such a reading from those discard.

Wow! So he has a in his hand and is ready and waiting.
Those must be really good other players. I would love to be able to deduce that after those 5 discards.
And he didn't even call riichi when he tossed the .
I'm impressed.

I feel that there might be a bit of a stretch to get ALL that information from just those discards (tenpai possibly, but being certain about the 36p wait seems a bit far fetched to me, but I could be wrong. Also it could be based on some of the other discards and what the person themselves has in their hand), but there is a lot you can tell from discards that might not be apparent initially.

Murakami Jun does a bit of talking about discard reading on his appearance on Mahjong Watch's Mahjong No Takumi. The videos are in Japanese, but the first 3 hands have English subtitles at least, and can give you an insight into some discard reading.
Playlist:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Q7Etkl ... 3yUtiD9l-k

The 8p could've been an Ura-Suji but that would've been for a 4-7 wait. (Holding 6_8, draw 5, discard 8.)

Out of interest, what show was this from? Also was the discarder wearing mirror sunglasses?

Legendary Gambler Tetsuya. And no, no sunglasses XD

Tenpai status could be inferred by other info, like the time to discard, which tiles are draw-discarded, if the discard is dangerous/dora, ...
But on the 5th discard it's very far-fetched, and the winning tiles can be anything.